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Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, Share 2024
The global Total Laboratory Automation Solution market was valued at US$ million in 2023 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The U.S. Market is Estimated at $ Million in 2023, While China is to reach $ Million.
Biochemical Detection System Segment to Reach $ Million by 2030, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Total Laboratory Automation Solution include Snibe, Beckman Coulter, Abbott, Mindray, Tellgen, Roche, Siemens, Hitachi High-Tech Corporation and Autibio, etc. in 2023, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Total Laboratory Automation Solution, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Total Laboratory Automation Solution. This report contains market size and forecasts of Total Laboratory Automation Solution in global, including the following market information:
Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Revenue, 2019-2024, 2025-2030, ($ millions)
Global top five companies in 2023 (%)
We surveyed the Total Laboratory Automation Solution companies, and industry experts on this industry, involving the revenue, demand, product type, recent developments and plans, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market, by Type, 2019-2024, 2025-2030 ($ millions)
Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2023 (%)
Biochemical Detection System
Immunoassay System
Blood Test System
Coagulation Test System
Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market, by Application, 2019-2024, 2025-2030 ($ millions)
Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2023 (%)
Hospital
Medical Institutions
Laboratory
Other
Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market, By Region and Country, 2019-2024, 2025-2030 ($ Millions)
Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2023 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies Total Laboratory Automation Solution revenues in global market, 2019-2024 (estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Total Laboratory Automation Solution revenues share in global market, 2023 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Snibe
Beckman Coulter
Abbott
Mindray
Tellgen
Roche
Siemens
Hitachi High-Tech Corporation
Autibio
YHLO
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of Total Laboratory Automation Solution, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution market size in revenue.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of Total Laboratory Automation Solution company competitive landscape, revenue and market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of Total Laboratory Automation Solution in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: The main points and conclusions of the report.
| Report Attributes |
Report Details |
| Report Title |
Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2024-2030 |
| Historical Year |
2018 to 2022 (Data from 2010 can be provided as per availability) |
| Base Year |
2023 |
| Forecast Year |
2031 |
| Number of Pages |
65 Pages |
| Customization Available |
Yes, the report can be customized as per your need. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size: 2023 VS 2030
2.2 Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, Prospects & Forecasts: 2019-2030
2.3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
2.3.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Restraints
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Total Laboratory Automation Solution Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue by Companies
3.4 Top 3 and Top 5 Total Laboratory Automation Solution Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2023
3.5 Global Companies Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Type
3.6 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Total Laboratory Automation Solution Players in Global Market
3.6.1 List of Global Tier 1 Total Laboratory Automation Solution Companies
3.6.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Total Laboratory Automation Solution Companies
4 Market Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size Markets, 2023 & 2030
4.1.2 Biochemical Detection System
4.1.3 Immunoassay System
4.1.4 Blood Test System
4.1.5 Coagulation Test System
4.2 By Type - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2019-2024
4.2.2 By Type - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2025-2030
4.2.3 By Type - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2023 & 2030
5.1.2 Hospital
5.1.3 Medical Institutions
5.1.4 Laboratory
5.1.5 Other
5.2 By Application - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2019-2024
5.2.2 By Application - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2025-2030
5.2.3 By Application - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2023 & 2030
6.2 By Region - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2019-2024
6.2.2 By Region - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2025-2030
6.2.3 By Region - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
6.3 North America
6.3.1 By Country - North America Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2019-2030
6.3.2 US Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.3.3 Canada Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.3.4 Mexico Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4 Europe
6.4.1 By Country - Europe Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2019-2030
6.4.2 Germany Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.3 France Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.4 U.K. Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.5 Italy Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.6 Russia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.7 Nordic Countries Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.4.8 Benelux Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5 Asia
6.5.1 By Region - Asia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2019-2030
6.5.2 China Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.3 Japan Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.4 South Korea Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.5 Southeast Asia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.5.6 India Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6 South America
6.6.1 By Country - South America Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2019-2030
6.6.2 Brazil Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.6.3 Argentina Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7 Middle East & Africa
6.7.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2019-2030
6.7.2 Turkey Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7.3 Israel Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7.4 Saudi Arabia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
6.7.5 UAE Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size, 2019-2030
7 Total Laboratory Automation Solution Companies Profiles
7.1 Snibe
7.1.1 Snibe Company Summary
7.1.2 Snibe Business Overview
7.1.3 Snibe Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Snibe Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.1.5 Snibe Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Beckman Coulter
7.2.1 Beckman Coulter Company Summary
7.2.2 Beckman Coulter Business Overview
7.2.3 Beckman Coulter Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Beckman Coulter Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.2.5 Beckman Coulter Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Abbott
7.3.1 Abbott Company Summary
7.3.2 Abbott Business Overview
7.3.3 Abbott Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Abbott Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.3.5 Abbott Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Mindray
7.4.1 Mindray Company Summary
7.4.2 Mindray Business Overview
7.4.3 Mindray Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Mindray Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.4.5 Mindray Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Tellgen
7.5.1 Tellgen Company Summary
7.5.2 Tellgen Business Overview
7.5.3 Tellgen Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Tellgen Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.5.5 Tellgen Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Roche
7.6.1 Roche Company Summary
7.6.2 Roche Business Overview
7.6.3 Roche Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Roche Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.6.5 Roche Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Siemens
7.7.1 Siemens Company Summary
7.7.2 Siemens Business Overview
7.7.3 Siemens Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Siemens Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.7.5 Siemens Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Hitachi High-Tech Corporation
7.8.1 Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Company Summary
7.8.2 Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Business Overview
7.8.3 Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.8.5 Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Autibio
7.9.1 Autibio Company Summary
7.9.2 Autibio Business Overview
7.9.3 Autibio Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Autibio Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.9.5 Autibio Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 YHLO
7.10.1 YHLO Company Summary
7.10.2 YHLO Business Overview
7.10.3 YHLO Total Laboratory Automation Solution Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 YHLO Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global Market (2019-2024)
7.10.5 YHLO Key News & Latest Developments
8 Conclusion
9 Appendix
9.1 Note
9.2 Examples of Clients
9.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 2. Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 3. Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 4. Key Players of Total Laboratory Automation Solution in Global Market
Table 5. Top Total Laboratory Automation Solution Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2023)
Table 6. Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 7. Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Share by Companies, 2019-2024
Table 8. Global Companies Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Total Laboratory Automation Solution Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Total Laboratory Automation Solution Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2023 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 12. By Type - Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 13. By Type - Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 14. By Application ? Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 15. By Application - Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 16. By Application - Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in Global (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 17. By Region ? Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Table 18. By Region - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 19. By Region - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 20. By Country - North America Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 21. By Country - North America Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 22. By Country - Europe Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 23. By Country - Europe Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 24. By Region - Asia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 25. By Region - Asia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 26. By Country - South America Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 27. By Country - South America Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 28. By Country - Middle East & Africa Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2024
Table 29. By Country - Middle East & Africa Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2025-2030
Table 30. Snibe Company Summary
Table 31. Snibe Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 32. Snibe Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 33. Snibe Key News & Latest Developments
Table 34. Beckman Coulter Company Summary
Table 35. Beckman Coulter Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 36. Beckman Coulter Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 37. Beckman Coulter Key News & Latest Developments
Table 38. Abbott Company Summary
Table 39. Abbott Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 40. Abbott Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 41. Abbott Key News & Latest Developments
Table 42. Mindray Company Summary
Table 43. Mindray Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 44. Mindray Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 45. Mindray Key News & Latest Developments
Table 46. Tellgen Company Summary
Table 47. Tellgen Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 48. Tellgen Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 49. Tellgen Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Roche Company Summary
Table 51. Roche Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 52. Roche Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 53. Roche Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Siemens Company Summary
Table 55. Siemens Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 56. Siemens Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 57. Siemens Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Company Summary
Table 59. Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 60. Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 61. Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Autibio Company Summary
Table 63. Autibio Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 64. Autibio Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 65. Autibio Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. YHLO Company Summary
Table 67. YHLO Total Laboratory Automation Solution Product Offerings
Table 68. YHLO Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Table 69. YHLO Key News & Latest Developments
List of Figures
Figure 1. Total Laboratory Automation Solution Segment by Type in 2023
Figure 2. Total Laboratory Automation Solution Segment by Application in 2023
Figure 3. Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Overview: 2023
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Market Size: 2023 VS 2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, 2019-2030 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue in 2023
Figure 8. By Type - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 9. By Application - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 10. By Type - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 11. By Type - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 12. By Application - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023 & 2030
Figure 13. By Application - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 14. By Region - Global Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 15. By Country - North America Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 16. US Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 17. Canada Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 18. Mexico Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 19. By Country - Europe Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 20. Germany Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 21. France Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 22. U.K. Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 23. Italy Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 24. Russia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 25. Nordic Countries Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 26. Benelux Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 27. By Region - Asia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 28. China Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 29. Japan Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 30. South Korea Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 31. Southeast Asia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 32. India Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 33. By Country - South America Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 34. Brazil Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 35. Argentina Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 36. By Country - Middle East & Africa Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Market Share, 2019-2030
Figure 37. Turkey Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 38. Israel Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 39. Saudi Arabia Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 40. UAE Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2019-2030
Figure 41. Snibe Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Figure 42. Beckman Coulter Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Figure 43. Abbott Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Figure 44. Mindray Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Figure 45. Tellgen Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Figure 46. Roche Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Figure 47. Siemens Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Figure 48. Hitachi High-Tech Corporation Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Figure 49. Autibio Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
Figure 50. YHLO Total Laboratory Automation Solution Revenue Year Over Year Growth (US$, Mn) & (2019-2024)
