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POC HIV Testing Market Size, Share 2023
POC HIV testing is used to screen HIV antibodies. They can be performed in hospitals, clinics, and home care settings, and the results of these tests are available within a few minutes.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for POC HIV Testing, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding POC HIV Testing. This report contains market size and forecasts of POC HIV Testing in global, including the following market information:
Global POC HIV Testing Market Revenue, 2018-2023, 2024-2035, ($ millions)
Global POC HIV Testing Market Sales, 2018-2023, 2024-2035, (Units)
Global top five POC HIV Testing companies in 2022 (%)
The global POC HIV Testing market was valued at US$ million in 2022 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2035, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
The North America region holds the largest share of the market across the globe followed by Europe, and Asia Pacific region.
We surveyed the POC HIV Testing manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Total Market by Segment:
Global POC HIV Testing Market, by Type, 2018-2023, 2024-2035 ($ Millions) & (Units)
Global POC HIV Testing Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2022 (%)
Testing Equipment
Testing Reagent
Global POC HIV Testing Market, by Application, 2018-2023, 2024-2035 ($ Millions) & (Units)
Global POC HIV Testing Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2022 (%)
Hospitals
Clinics
Home Care Setting
Global POC HIV Testing Market, By Region and Country, 2018-2023, 2024-2035 ($ Millions) & (Units)
Global POC HIV Testing Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2022 (%)
North America
US
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Nordic Countries
Benelux
Rest of Europe
Asia
China
Japan
South Korea
Southeast Asia
India
Rest of Asia
South America
Brazil
Argentina
Rest of South America
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Rest of Middle East & Africa
Competitor Analysis
The report also provides analysis of leading market participants including:
Key companies POC HIV Testing revenues in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies POC HIV Testing revenues share in global market, 2022 (%)
Key companies POC HIV Testing sales in global market, 2018-2023 (Estimated), (Units)
Key companies POC HIV Testing sales share in global market, 2022 (%)
Further, the report presents profiles of competitors in the market, key players include:
Abbott
BD
Biomerieux
Danaher
F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Outline of Major Chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduces the definition of POC HIV Testing, market overview.
Chapter 2: Global POC HIV Testing market size in revenue and volume.
Chapter 3: Detailed analysis of POC HIV Testing manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 6: Sales of POC HIV Testing in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Global POC HIV Testing capacity by region & country.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 11: The main points and conclusions of the report.
| Report Attributes |
Report Details |
| Report Title |
POC HIV Testing Market, Global Outlook and Forecast 2023-2035 |
| Historical Year |
2018 to 2022 (Data from 2010 can be provided as per availability) |
| Base Year |
2022 |
| Forecast Year |
2030 |
| Number of Pages |
70 Pages |
| Customization Available |
Yes, the report can be customized as per your need. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 POC HIV Testing Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global POC HIV Testing Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global POC HIV Testing Overall Market Size
2.1 Global POC HIV Testing Market Size: 2022 VS 2035
2.2 Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2035
2.3 Global POC HIV Testing Sales: 2018-2035
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top POC HIV Testing Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global POC HIV Testing Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global POC HIV Testing Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global POC HIV Testing Sales by Companies
3.5 Global POC HIV Testing Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 POC HIV Testing Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers POC HIV Testing Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 POC HIV Testing Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 POC HIV Testing Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 POC HIV Testing Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2035
4.1.2 Testing Equipment
4.1.3 Testing Reagent
4.2 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2024-2035
4.2.3 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
4.3 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Sales, 2024-2035
4.3.3 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
4.4 By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2035
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2022 & 2035
5.1.2 Hospitals
5.1.3 Clinics
5.1.4 Home Care Setting
5.2 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2024-2035
5.2.3 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
5.3 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Sales, 2024-2035
5.3.3 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
5.4 By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2035
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2022 & 2035
6.2 By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2024-2035
6.2.3 By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
6.3 By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Sales, 2024-2035
6.3.3 By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2018-2035
6.4.2 By Country - North America POC HIV Testing Sales, 2018-2035
6.4.3 US POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.4.4 Canada POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.4.5 Mexico POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2018-2035
6.5.2 By Country - Europe POC HIV Testing Sales, 2018-2035
6.5.3 Germany POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.4 France POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.5 U.K. POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.6 Italy POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.7 Russia POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.8 Nordic Countries POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.5.9 Benelux POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2018-2035
6.6.2 By Region - Asia POC HIV Testing Sales, 2018-2035
6.6.3 China POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6.4 Japan POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6.5 South Korea POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6.6 Southeast Asia POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.6.7 India POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2018-2035
6.7.2 By Country - South America POC HIV Testing Sales, 2018-2035
6.7.3 Brazil POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.7.4 Argentina POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2018-2035
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa POC HIV Testing Sales, 2018-2035
6.8.3 Turkey POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.8.4 Israel POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
6.8.6 UAE POC HIV Testing Market Size, 2018-2035
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Abbott
7.1.1 Abbott Company Summary
7.1.2 Abbott Business Overview
7.1.3 Abbott POC HIV Testing Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Abbott POC HIV Testing Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Abbott Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 BD
7.2.1 BD Company Summary
7.2.2 BD Business Overview
7.2.3 BD POC HIV Testing Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 BD POC HIV Testing Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 BD Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Biomerieux
7.3.1 Biomerieux Company Summary
7.3.2 Biomerieux Business Overview
7.3.3 Biomerieux POC HIV Testing Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Biomerieux POC HIV Testing Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Biomerieux Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Danaher
7.4.1 Danaher Company Summary
7.4.2 Danaher Business Overview
7.4.3 Danaher POC HIV Testing Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Danaher POC HIV Testing Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Danaher Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 F. Hoffmann-La Roche
7.5.1 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Company Summary
7.5.2 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Business Overview
7.5.3 F. Hoffmann-La Roche POC HIV Testing Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 F. Hoffmann-La Roche POC HIV Testing Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global POC HIV Testing Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global POC HIV Testing Production Capacity, 2018-2035
8.2 POC HIV Testing Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global POC HIV Testing Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 POC HIV Testing Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 POC HIV Testing Industry Value Chain
10.2 POC HIV Testing Upstream Market
10.3 POC HIV Testing Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 POC HIV Testing Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES
List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of POC HIV Testing in Global Market
Table 2. Top POC HIV Testing Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global POC HIV Testing Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global POC HIV Testing Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global POC HIV Testing Sales by Companies, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global POC HIV Testing Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers POC HIV Testing Price (2018-2023) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers POC HIV Testing Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 POC HIV Testing Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 POC HIV Testing Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Table 12. By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 14. By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), 2024-2035
Table 16. By Application ? Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Table 17. By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 19. By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), 2024-2035
Table 21. By Region ? Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2035
Table 22. By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 24. By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), 2024-2035
Table 26. By Country - North America POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 28. By Country - North America POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2024-2035
Table 30. By Country - Europe POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 32. By Country - Europe POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2024-2035
Table 34. By Region - Asia POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 36. By Region - Asia POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2024-2035
Table 38. By Country - South America POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 40. By Country - South America POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2024-2035
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2035
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa POC HIV Testing Sales, (Units), 2024-2035
Table 46. Abbott Company Summary
Table 47. Abbott POC HIV Testing Product Offerings
Table 48. Abbott POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Abbott Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. BD Company Summary
Table 51. BD POC HIV Testing Product Offerings
Table 52. BD POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. BD Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Biomerieux Company Summary
Table 55. Biomerieux POC HIV Testing Product Offerings
Table 56. Biomerieux POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Biomerieux Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Danaher Company Summary
Table 59. Danaher POC HIV Testing Product Offerings
Table 60. Danaher POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Danaher Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Company Summary
Table 63. F. Hoffmann-La Roche POC HIV Testing Product Offerings
Table 64. F. Hoffmann-La Roche POC HIV Testing Sales (Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. POC HIV Testing Production Capacity (Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (Units)
Table 67. Global POC HIV Testing Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 68. Global POC HIV Testing Production by Region, 2018-2023 (Units)
Table 69. Global POC HIV Testing Production by Region, 2024-2035 (Units)
Table 70. POC HIV Testing Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 71. POC HIV Testing Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 72. POC HIV Testing Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 73. POC HIV Testing Raw Materials
Table 74. POC HIV Testing Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 75. Typical POC HIV Testing Downstream
Table 76. POC HIV Testing Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 77. POC HIV Testing Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. POC HIV Testing Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. POC HIV Testing Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global POC HIV Testing Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global POC HIV Testing Market Size: 2022 VS 2035 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, 2018-2035 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. POC HIV Testing Sales in Global Market: 2018-2035 (Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by POC HIV Testing Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Figure 10. By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 11. By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 12. By Type - Global POC HIV Testing Price (USD/Unit), 2018-2035
Figure 13. By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Figure 14. By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 15. By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 16. By Application - Global POC HIV Testing Price (USD/Unit), 2018-2035
Figure 17. By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2035
Figure 18. By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2035
Figure 19. By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 20. By Region - Global POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 21. By Country - North America POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 22. By Country - North America POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 23. US POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 24. Canada POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 25. Mexico POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 26. By Country - Europe POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 27. By Country - Europe POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 28. Germany POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 29. France POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 30. U.K. POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 31. Italy POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 32. Russia POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 33. Nordic Countries POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 34. Benelux POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 35. By Region - Asia POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 36. By Region - Asia POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 37. China POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 38. Japan POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 39. South Korea POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 40. Southeast Asia POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 41. India POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 42. By Country - South America POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 43. By Country - South America POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 44. Brazil POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 45. Argentina POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa POC HIV Testing Revenue Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa POC HIV Testing Sales Market Share, 2018-2035
Figure 48. Turkey POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 49. Israel POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 51. UAE POC HIV Testing Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2035
Figure 52. Global POC HIV Testing Production Capacity (Units), 2018-2035
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production POC HIV Testing by Region, 2022 VS 2035
Figure 54. POC HIV Testing Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
