Eye Care Devices Market Size, Share 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Eye Care Devices Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Eye Care Devices Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Eye Care Devices Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Eye Care Devices Market Size: 2021 VS 2028
2.2 Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2017-2028
2.3 Global Eye Care Devices Sales: 2017-2028
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Eye Care Devices Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Eye Care Devices Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Eye Care Devices Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Eye Care Devices Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Eye Care Devices Price by Manufacturer (2017-2022)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Eye Care Devices Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2021
3.7 Global Manufacturers Eye Care Devices Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Eye Care Devices Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Eye Care Devices Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Eye Care Devices Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Market Size Markets, 2021 & 2028
4.1.2 Computerized Field Analyzers
4.1.3 Contact Lenses
4.1.4 Glaucoma Drainage Devices
4.1.5 Ophthalmic Lasers
4.1.6 Others
4.2 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2017-2022
4.2.2 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2023-2028
4.2.3 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
4.3 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Sales, 2017-2022
4.3.2 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Sales, 2023-2028
4.3.3 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
4.4 By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
5 Sights By Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2021 & 2028
5.1.2 Cataract
5.1.3 Refractor Disorder
5.1.4 Vitreoretinal Disorder
5.1.5 Glaucoma
5.2 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2017-2022
5.2.2 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2023-2028
5.2.3 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
5.3 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Sales, 2017-2022
5.3.2 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Sales, 2023-2028
5.3.3 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
5.4 By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2017-2028
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2021 & 2028
6.2 By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2017-2022
6.2.2 By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2023-2028
6.2.3 By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
6.3 By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Sales, 2017-2022
6.3.2 By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Sales, 2023-2028
6.3.3 By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country - North America Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2017-2028
6.4.2 By Country - North America Eye Care Devices Sales, 2017-2028
6.4.3 US Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.4 Canada Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.4.5 Mexico Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country - Europe Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2017-2028
6.5.2 By Country - Europe Eye Care Devices Sales, 2017-2028
6.5.3 Germany Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.4 France Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.5 U.K. Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.6 Italy Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.7 Russia Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.5.9 Benelux Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region - Asia Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2017-2028
6.6.2 By Region - Asia Eye Care Devices Sales, 2017-2028
6.6.3 China Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.4 Japan Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.5 South Korea Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.6.7 India Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country - South America Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2017-2028
6.7.2 By Country - South America Eye Care Devices Sales, 2017-2028
6.7.3 Brazil Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.7.4 Argentina Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country - Middle East & Africa Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2017-2028
6.8.2 By Country - Middle East & Africa Eye Care Devices Sales, 2017-2028
6.8.3 Turkey Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.4 Israel Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
6.8.6 UAE Eye Care Devices Market Size, 2017-2028
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Johnson & Johnson
7.1.1 Johnson & Johnson Corporate Summary
7.1.2 Johnson & Johnson Business Overview
7.1.3 Johnson & Johnson Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Johnson & Johnson Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.1.5 Johnson & Johnson Key News
7.2 Allotex
7.2.1 Allotex Corporate Summary
7.2.2 Allotex Business Overview
7.2.3 Allotex Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Allotex Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.2.5 Allotex Key News
7.3 ZEISS
7.3.1 ZEISS Corporate Summary
7.3.2 ZEISS Business Overview
7.3.3 ZEISS Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 ZEISS Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.3.5 ZEISS Key News
7.4 VisionCare
7.4.1 VisionCare Corporate Summary
7.4.2 VisionCare Business Overview
7.4.3 VisionCare Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 VisionCare Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.4.5 VisionCare Key News
7.5 Biotech Group
7.5.1 Biotech Group Corporate Summary
7.5.2 Biotech Group Business Overview
7.5.3 Biotech Group Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Biotech Group Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.5.5 Biotech Group Key News
7.6 Abbott
7.6.1 Abbott Corporate Summary
7.6.2 Abbott Business Overview
7.6.3 Abbott Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Abbott Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.6.5 Abbott Key News
7.7 Bionic Sight
7.7.1 Bionic Sight Corporate Summary
7.7.2 Bionic Sight Business Overview
7.7.3 Bionic Sight Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Bionic Sight Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.7.5 Bionic Sight Key News
7.8 NIDEK
7.8.1 NIDEK Corporate Summary
7.8.2 NIDEK Business Overview
7.8.3 NIDEK Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 NIDEK Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.8.5 NIDEK Key News
7.9 Alcon
7.9.1 Alcon Corporate Summary
7.9.2 Alcon Business Overview
7.9.3 Alcon Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Alcon Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.9.5 Alcon Key News
7.10 Essilor
7.10.1 Essilor Corporate Summary
7.10.2 Essilor Business Overview
7.10.3 Essilor Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Essilor Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.10.5 Essilor Key News
7.11 Ziemer
7.11.1 Ziemer Corporate Summary
7.11.2 Ziemer Eye Care Devices Business Overview
7.11.3 Ziemer Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Ziemer Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.11.5 Ziemer Key News
7.12 Haag Streit
7.12.1 Haag Streit Corporate Summary
7.12.2 Haag Streit Eye Care Devices Business Overview
7.12.3 Haag Streit Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Haag Streit Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.12.5 Haag Streit Key News
7.13 Topcon
7.13.1 Topcon Corporate Summary
7.13.2 Topcon Eye Care Devices Business Overview
7.13.3 Topcon Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.13.4 Topcon Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.13.5 Topcon Key News
7.14 Hoya
7.14.1 Hoya Corporate Summary
7.14.2 Hoya Business Overview
7.14.3 Hoya Eye Care Devices Major Product Offerings
7.14.4 Hoya Eye Care Devices Sales and Revenue in Global (2017-2022)
7.14.5 Hoya Key News
8 Global Eye Care Devices Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Eye Care Devices Production Capacity, 2017-2028
8.2 Eye Care Devices Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Eye Care Devices Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Eye Care Devices Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Eye Care Devices Industry Value Chain
10.2 Eye Care Devices Upstream Market
10.3 Eye Care Devices Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Eye Care Devices Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer

LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES

List of Tables
Table 1. Key Players of Eye Care Devices in Global Market
Table 2. Top Eye Care Devices Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2021)
Table 3. Global Eye Care Devices Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 4. Global Eye Care Devices Revenue Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 5. Global Eye Care Devices Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 6. Global Eye Care Devices Sales Share by Companies, 2017-2022
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Eye Care Devices Price (2017-2022) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Eye Care Devices Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Eye Care Devices Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Eye Care Devices Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2021 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type ? Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 12. By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 13. By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 14. By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 15. By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 16. By Application ? Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 & 2028
Table 17. By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 18. By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 19. By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 20. By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 21. By Region ? Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2021 VS 2028
Table 22. By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 23. By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 24. By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 25. By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 26. By Country - North America Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 27. By Country - North America Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 28. By Country - North America Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 29. By Country - North America Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 30. By Country - Europe Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 31. By Country - Europe Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 32. By Country - Europe Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 33. By Country - Europe Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 34. By Region - Asia Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 35. By Region - Asia Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 36. By Region - Asia Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 37. By Region - Asia Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 38. By Country - South America Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 39. By Country - South America Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 40. By Country - South America Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 41. By Country - South America Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2022
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2023-2028
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2017-2022
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Eye Care Devices Sales, (K Units), 2023-2028
Table 46. Johnson & Johnson Corporate Summary
Table 47. Johnson & Johnson Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 48. Johnson & Johnson Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 49. Allotex Corporate Summary
Table 50. Allotex Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 51. Allotex Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 52. ZEISS Corporate Summary
Table 53. ZEISS Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 54. ZEISS Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 55. VisionCare Corporate Summary
Table 56. VisionCare Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 57. VisionCare Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 58. Biotech Group Corporate Summary
Table 59. Biotech Group Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 60. Biotech Group Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 61. Abbott Corporate Summary
Table 62. Abbott Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 63. Abbott Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 64. Bionic Sight Corporate Summary
Table 65. Bionic Sight Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 66. Bionic Sight Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 67. NIDEK Corporate Summary
Table 68. NIDEK Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 69. NIDEK Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 70. Alcon Corporate Summary
Table 71. Alcon Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 72. Alcon Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 73. Essilor Corporate Summary
Table 74. Essilor Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 75. Essilor Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 76. Ziemer Corporate Summary
Table 77. Ziemer Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 78. Ziemer Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 79. Haag Streit Corporate Summary
Table 80. Haag Streit Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 81. Haag Streit Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 82. Topcon Corporate Summary
Table 83. Topcon Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 84. Topcon Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 85. Hoya Corporate Summary
Table 86. Hoya Eye Care Devices Product Offerings
Table 87. Hoya Eye Care Devices Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2017-2022)
Table 88. Eye Care Devices Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2020-2022 (K Units)
Table 89. Global Eye Care Devices Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2020-2022
Table 90. Global Eye Care Devices Production by Region, 2017-2022 (K Units)
Table 91. Global Eye Care Devices Production by Region, 2023-2028 (K Units)
Table 92. Eye Care Devices Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 93. Eye Care Devices Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 94. Eye Care Devices Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 95. Eye Care Devices Raw Materials
Table 96. Eye Care Devices Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 97. Typical Eye Care Devices Downstream
Table 98. Eye Care Devices Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 99. Eye Care Devices Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Eye Care Devices Segment by Type
Figure 2. Eye Care Devices Segment by Application
Figure 3. Global Eye Care Devices Market Overview: 2021
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Eye Care Devices Market Size: 2021 VS 2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Eye Care Devices Revenue, 2017-2028 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Eye Care Devices Sales in Global Market: 2017-2028 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Eye Care Devices Revenue in 2021
Figure 9. By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 10. By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 11. By Type - Global Eye Care Devices Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 12. By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 13. By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 14. By Application - Global Eye Care Devices Price (USD/Unit), 2017-2028
Figure 15. By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 16. By Region - Global Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 17. By Country - North America Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 18. By Country - North America Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 19. US Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 20. Canada Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 21. Mexico Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 22. By Country - Europe Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 23. By Country - Europe Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 24. Germany Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 25. France Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 26. U.K. Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 27. Italy Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 28. Russia Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 29. Nordic Countries Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 30. Benelux Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 31. By Region - Asia Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 32. By Region - Asia Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 33. China Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 34. Japan Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 35. South Korea Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 36. Southeast Asia Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 37. India Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 38. By Country - South America Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 39. By Country - South America Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 40. Brazil Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 41. Argentina Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Eye Care Devices Revenue Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Eye Care Devices Sales Market Share, 2017-2028
Figure 44. Turkey Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 45. Israel Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 46. Saudi Arabia Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 47. UAE Eye Care Devices Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2017-2028
Figure 48. Global Eye Care Devices Production Capacity (K Units), 2017-2028
Figure 49. The Percentage of Production Eye Care Devices by Region, 2021 VS 2028
Figure 50. Eye Care Devices Industry Value Chain
Figure 51. Marketing Channels

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